Healthy-ageing research is moving quickly—from studies of complete formulations to research on individual ingredients and biological-age testing. This library highlights the most relevant findings related to the products we offer and links directly to every source. Each summary starts with what researchers found, then explains who was studied, the dose, duration and important context, so you can understand both the potential and the strength of the evidence.
Evidence by product
Start with the product or question that interests you
These shortcuts take you to the most relevant records. Ingredient research is clearly separated from research on a complete product.
Filter by product, ingredient or evidence type. Every entry links directly to the research paper it summarises.
18 research records are available.
Finished-product human study2026 · Preprint — not peer reviewed
Six-month NOVOS Core vascular study
Relevant to: NOVOS Core
Key finding
The six-month preprint reports favourable between-group differences in the vascular measurements studied after participants used NOVOS Core.
Why it matters
Because the study tested Core directly, it is the closest available evidence to the product. The vascular findings are promising and should be read with the preprint status, attrition and biomarker endpoints in view.
Study details and important context
Study type
Randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial reported as a preprint
Participants or material
61 generally healthy adults aged 40 years or older were assigned; 43 completed the six-month study.
Dose, intervention or method
One daily serving of the study formulation of NOVOS Core compared with placebo for six months.
What was measured
Flow-mediated dilation, pulse-wave velocity and systolic blood pressure.
Reported result
The manuscript reports between-group differences in the measured vascular endpoints after six months.
Important context
Preprint; incomplete follow-up; biomarker endpoints rather than clinical events or lifespan; results require independent replication.
The study tested a finished NOVOS Core formulation. The current retail label should still be compared with the study formulation.
Funding and conflicts
NOVOS supplied the intervention and control, provided an unrestricted university grant and employed one of the listed authors.
DOI, PMID or record identifier
SSRN 6241278
Ingredient systematic review and meta-analysis2025 · Peer reviewed
L-theanine and subjective sleep outcomes
Relevant to: NOVOS Core — L-theanine ingredient context
Key finding
Across 19 articles with 897 participants, L-theanine was associated with improvements in several subjective sleep measures.
Why it matters
This provides useful human context for the 150 mg of L-theanine listed in Core while keeping the complete product and sleep outcomes separate.
Study details and important context
Study type
Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Participants or material
Nineteen articles involving 897 participants of different ages and health status; eighteen articles contributed to the meta-analysis.
Dose, intervention or method
L-theanine-containing interventions; formulations, doses and durations differed across trials.
What was measured
Subjective sleep-onset latency, daytime dysfunction and overall subjective sleep quality, among other sleep outcomes.
Reported result
The pooled analysis reported statistically significant improvements in several subjective sleep outcomes.
Important context
Many studies did not isolate pure L-theanine, and the review could not establish one optimal dose or duration.
Core lists 150 mg L-theanine per serving. The review did not test NOVOS Core and included products and doses that may differ.
Funding and conflicts
Several authors reported University of Canberra grant support; the paper reports no other author conflicts.
DOI, PMID or record identifier
PMID 40056718 · DOI 10.1016/j.smrv.2025.102076
Ingredient systematic review2024 · Peer reviewed
Glycine across human physiological systems
Relevant to: NOVOS Core — glycine ingredient context
Key finding
A systematic review found encouraging human signals across several settings, including improved sleep in small longer-term studies of healthy adults.
Why it matters
The review helps explain why glycine is actively researched and gives customer-friendly context for Core’s disclosed 2 g serving.
Study details and important context
Study type
Systematic review of human glycine-administration studies
Participants or material
Eighteen studies in healthy adults and 34 studies in clinical populations.
Dose, intervention or method
Glycine administered at differing doses and durations across multiple physiological and clinical settings.
What was measured
Outcomes across eleven physiological systems, including nervous-system and sleep-related measures.
Reported result
The review reported positive findings in several settings; small longer-term studies in healthy populations reported improved sleep.
Important context
The studies were heterogeneous. Healthy-adult sleep studies were small and judged at high risk of bias, and ageing outcomes require larger long-term trials.
Core lists 2,000 mg glycine per daily serving. The review did not test the complete Core formulation.
DOI, PMID or record identifier
PMID 37851316 · DOI 10.1007/s11357-023-00970-8
Ingredient systematic review2024 · Peer reviewed
Oral hyaluronic acid in joint and lower-back studies
Relevant to: NOVOS Core — hyaluronic-acid ingredient context
Key finding
Nine of eleven oral hyaluronic-acid studies reported improvements in selected pain, stiffness, function or quality-of-life measures.
Why it matters
The reviewed dose range includes Core’s disclosed 100 mg amount and provides condition-specific human ingredient context.
Study details and important context
Study type
Systematic review of oral hyaluronic-acid studies
Participants or material
597 participants, mainly people with osteoarthritis; one study involved low-back pain.
Dose, intervention or method
Oral hyaluronic acid at 30–300 mg per day for four weeks to twelve months.
What was measured
Pain, stiffness, joint function, quality of life and selected inflammatory markers.
Reported result
Nine of eleven articles reported improvement in at least one rheumatic-disease outcome; reported adverse effects were rare and mild.
Important context
The evidence concerned specific joint or back conditions and does not establish a skin, general longevity or finished-product Core outcome.
Core lists 100 mg hyaluronic acid per serving, within the reviewed range. The complete formula was not tested in this review.
Funding and conflicts
The authors declared no conflict of interest.
DOI, PMID or record identifier
PMID 39886281 · DOI 10.31138/mjr.240724.oha
Ingredient systematic review2023 · Peer reviewed
Rhodiola rosea and exercise performance
Relevant to: NOVOS Core — Rhodiola ingredient context
Key finding
Eleven of thirteen randomised studies reported at least one favourable exercise, exertion or muscle-damage finding with Rhodiola rosea.
Why it matters
This is useful human research on a standardised botanical category and gives context for Core’s 300 mg Rhodiola extract.
Study details and important context
Study type
Systematic review of randomised controlled trials
Participants or material
Thirteen studies with 263 healthy participants aged 18–65 years.
Dose, intervention or method
Acute, chronic or combined Rhodiola rosea supplementation with differing extracts, doses and exercise protocols.
What was measured
Endurance and anaerobic performance, perceived exertion and selected muscle-damage or recovery markers.
Reported result
Eleven studies reported some favourable findings; two reported no effect for the outcomes studied.
Important context
Interventions and exercise protocols were heterogeneous, and most studies had unclear or high risk of bias.
Core lists 300 mg Rhodiola rosea root extract standardised to rosavins and salidrosides. The reviewed extracts and protocols varied, and Core was not tested.
DOI, PMID or record identifier
PMID 37495266 · DOI 10.1002/ptr.7950
Ingredient systematic review2025 · Peer reviewed
Oral NMN and glucose or lipid metabolism in adults
The clearest repeated human finding was higher NAD-related measurements. Broader metabolic outcomes were mixed, and EU marketability is assessed separately from scientific evidence.
Study details and important context
Study type
Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Participants or material
12 studies with 513 adult participants.
Dose, intervention or method
Oral NMN supplementation compared with control; formulations, doses and durations varied by trial.
What was measured
Blood NAD measures, fasting glucose and conventional lipid outcomes.
Reported result
Blood NAD increased, while most glucose and lipid outcomes were not significantly different from control.
Important context
Small evidence base, varied interventions and substantial risk-of-bias concerns across the included trials.
Ingredient-level evidence. The review did not test the NOVOS Boost finished product as sold.
DOI, PMID or record identifier
PMID 39116016
Ingredient systematic review2026 · Peer reviewed
Short-term NMN safety and metabolism review
Relevant to: NOVOS Boost — NMN ingredient context
Key finding
Across short randomised trials, oral NMN showed favourable tolerability with no clear increase in adverse events or liver-enzyme abnormalities.
Why it matters
The review supports favourable short-term tolerability across the doses studied. Longer use and finished-product outcomes still need dedicated trials.
Study details and important context
Study type
Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Participants or material
Fifteen adult trials were included; ten contributed to the safety analyses.
Dose, intervention or method
Oral NMN or NMN-related preparations at 250–2,000 mg per day for 14 days to 24 weeks.
What was measured
Adverse events, withdrawals, liver enzymes, body measurements, glucose control, blood lipids and blood pressure.
Reported result
The review found no clear increase in adverse events or liver-enzyme abnormalities and no significant broad metabolic benefit. A small change in diastolic blood pressure was reported, while the HOMA-IR trend was not statistically significant.
Important context
Trials were short, products and doses varied, and the review cannot establish long-term safety or an outcome for the finished NOVOS Boost product.
NOVOS Boost lists 250 mg NMN per two-capsule serving, at the bottom of the reviewed daily dose range. The exact retail product was not tested as a finished formulation.
Funding and conflicts
The authors reported no external funding and declared no conflicts of interest.
DOI, PMID or record identifier
PMID 42514320 · DOI 10.3390/nu18142251
Ingredient systematic review2023 · Peer reviewed
Nattokinase and cardiovascular risk factors
Relevant to: NOVOS Vital — nattokinase ingredient context
Key finding
A pooled analysis of six randomised trials reported modest reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure with nattokinase supplementation.
Why it matters
This provides human evidence for nattokinase as an ingredient, including a modest blood-pressure signal. Vital’s complete seven-ingredient formulation was not tested.
Study details and important context
Study type
Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Participants or material
Six trials with 546 participants.
Dose, intervention or method
Nattokinase supplementation compared with placebo or another control.
What was measured
Blood pressure, blood lipids and blood glucose.
Reported result
The pooled analysis reported lower blood pressure, no consistent lipid benefit and a small increase in blood glucose.
Important context
Few trials, different cumulative doses and no direct test of the NOVOS Vital formulation.
Vital lists 200 mg providing 2,000 FU per serving; included studies used their own products and dosing schedules.
Funding and conflicts
The authors declared no conflict of interest in the publication.
DOI, PMID or record identifier
PMID 39076715
Ingredient systematic review2024 · Peer reviewed
Inulin-type fructans and cardiovascular risk factors
Relevant to: NOVOS Vital — inulin ingredient context
Key finding
Across 55 randomised trials, inulin-type fructans were associated with modest reductions in LDL cholesterol, triglycerides and body weight.
Why it matters
This shows that inulin-type fructans are actively studied in people and that results depend on dose, population and outcome. It gives ingredient context rather than a finished-product result.
Study details and important context
Study type
Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials
Participants or material
Fifty-five randomised trials with 2,518 adult participants.
Dose, intervention or method
Inulin-type fructan supplementation or control for at least two weeks, at differing doses and durations.
What was measured
Cardiovascular risk factors reported by the included trials.
Reported result
The pooled estimates reported modest reductions in LDL cholesterol, triglycerides and body weight, with little or no significant effect on several other cardiovascular risk factors.
Important context
Evidence certainty was low to very low, and products, populations, doses and durations varied. NOVOS Vital was not tested.
Vital lists 4 g of inulin from chicory-root fibre per daily serving.
Antioxidant supplements, macular pigment and visual function
Relevant to: NOVOS Vital — lutein and zeaxanthin ingredient context
Key finding
Several antioxidant combinations containing lutein or zeaxanthin increased macular pigment density and selected visual-function measures in the reviewed trials.
Why it matters
The review provides positive human context for lutein- and zeaxanthin-containing combinations. Its formulations and evidence quality differ from NOVOS Vital.
Study details and important context
Study type
Systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised trials
Participants or material
Sixty randomised-trial articles were reviewed; 38 contributed to the network meta-analysis.
Dose, intervention or method
Lutein, zeaxanthin and other antioxidant combinations at different doses.
What was measured
Macular pigment optical density and measures of visual function.
Reported result
All compared antioxidant groups increased macular pigment density and low-spatial-frequency contrast sensitivity; selected combinations also improved other visual-function measures.
Important context
Low-quality evidence, indirectness, possible publication bias and formulations that differ from NOVOS Vital.
Vital lists 10 mg lutein and 1 mg zeaxanthin within a seven-ingredient product.
DOI, PMID or record identifier
PMID 38582248
Preclinical and observational research2023 · Peer reviewed
Taurine deficiency as a proposed driver of ageing
Relevant to: NOVOS Bar — taurine ingredient context
Key finding
Taurine supplementation improved lifespan or selected health measures in several animal experiments, supporting further human research.
Why it matters
The paper offers strong hypothesis-generating support for continued taurine research. Human supplementation and the finished NOVOS Bar require their own trials.
Study details and important context
Study type
Animal experiments plus cross-sectional observations in humans and nonhuman primates
Participants or material
Worms, mice, monkeys and human observational datasets.
Dose, intervention or method
Taurine supplementation in animal experiments; no randomised human supplementation trial.
What was measured
Animal lifespan and health measures, circulating taurine and human health associations.
Reported result
Animal lifespan or health measures improved in several experiments; human results were associations rather than intervention outcomes.
Important context
Animal doses and outcomes cannot be assumed to apply to people; cross-sectional human associations do not prove causation.
NOVOS Bar lists 1.5 g taurine per bar, but the finished bar was not studied.
DOI, PMID or record identifier
PMID 37289866
Human and animal cohort analysis2025 · Peer reviewed
Is taurine a universal biomarker of human ageing?
Relevant to: NOVOS Bar — balancing taurine evidence
Key finding
A newer multi-cohort analysis showed that taurine patterns differ across populations and species, refining the earlier ageing hypothesis.
Why it matters
Reading this newer analysis beside the original study gives a more complete picture: taurine biology appears to vary by population, species and context.
Study details and important context
Study type
Cross-sectional and longitudinal cohort analyses
Participants or material
Three human cohorts plus nonhuman primate and mouse datasets.
Dose, intervention or method
No NOVOS Bar intervention and no randomised taurine supplementation trial.
What was measured
Age-related change in circulating taurine and associations with selected health measures.
Reported result
Taurine did not consistently decline with age across the studied cohorts.
Important context
Biomarker analyses do not answer whether a specific taurine dose changes clinical outcomes.
Balances the ingredient discussion; neither this nor the earlier paper tests NOVOS Bar.
DOI, PMID or record identifier
PMID 40472098
Ingredient systematic review2025 · Peer reviewed
Moderate- to high-dose astaxanthin and blood lipids
Relevant to: NOVOS Bar — astaxanthin ingredient context
Key finding
Across eight randomised studies, moderate- to high-dose astaxanthin was associated with favourable changes in HDL cholesterol and triglycerides.
Why it matters
The review suggests lipid-related activity at moderate to higher astaxanthin doses. NOVOS Bar contains a lower amount, so the result is ingredient context rather than a Bar outcome.
Study details and important context
Study type
Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised studies
The pooled analysis reported changes in HDL and triglycerides, but not LDL or total cholesterol.
Important context
Small study set, varied participants and a higher dose range than the amount in NOVOS Bar.
NOVOS Bar lists 3 mg astaxanthin per bar; the reviewed range was generally 6–20 mg per day.
Funding and conflicts
The authors declared no commercial or financial conflict that could create a conflict of interest.
DOI, PMID or record identifier
PMID 40872489
Biomarker development and validation2022 · Peer reviewed
DunedinPACE measure of the pace of ageing
Relevant to: TruAge report context
Key finding
DunedinPACE captured differences in longitudinal ageing pace and was associated with relevant health characteristics across research datasets.
Why it matters
DunedinPACE adds a research-informed view of ageing pace to the TruAge report. It is best used as one contextual estimate rather than a medical diagnosis.
Study details and important context
Study type
DNA-methylation biomarker development and validation
Participants or material
Longitudinal birth-cohort data with evaluation in additional research datasets.
Dose, intervention or method
No consumer-product intervention; the study developed and evaluated a measurement algorithm.
What was measured
Agreement with longitudinal pace-of-ageing measures and associations with health-related characteristics.
Reported result
The paper reports that DunedinPACE captures variation in ageing pace and is associated with relevant health characteristics.
Important context
Validation of an algorithm does not establish clinical utility for every population or show that an intervention-driven score change improves outcomes.
Relevant to interpretation of a report that includes DunedinPACE; it is not a study of the retail kit’s customer journey.
DOI, PMID or record identifier
PMID 35029144
Biomarker development and validation2026 · Peer reviewed
OMICmAge and multi-omic biological-age estimation
Relevant to: TruAge report context
Key finding
OMICmAge was associated with chronic disease and mortality across development and validation cohorts, supporting its use as a research-informed estimate.
Why it matters
OMICmAge adds a multi-omic, research-informed perspective to the TruAge report. The estimate supports context and discussion rather than diagnosis or treatment choice.
Study details and important context
Study type
Multi-omic biomarker development and validation
Participants or material
Approximately 31,000 records informed development; validation included TruDiagnostic and Generation Scotland cohorts.
Dose, intervention or method
No consumer intervention; statistical modelling of clinical, methylation and multi-omic data.
What was measured
Associations with chronic disease and mortality across development and validation datasets.
Reported result
The publication reports that OMICmAge was associated with disease and mortality and performed across several cohorts.
Important context
Observational prediction does not prove causation, treatment benefit or clinical utility for an individual customer.
Relevant to the science behind an algorithm included in a report, not evidence that purchasing the test improves health.
Funding and conflicts
The work included a sponsored research agreement with TruDiagnostic. Several authors were TruDiagnostic employees, advisors or patent holders.
DOI, PMID or record identifier
PMID 41741793
Critical scientific review2026 · Peer reviewed
From research laboratory to direct-to-consumer epigenetic clocks
Relevant to: TruDiagnostic tests and biological-age reporting
Key finding
The review describes epigenetic clocks as promising measures of biological ageing and identifies practical steps needed for stronger consumer use.
Why it matters
The review supports the value of biological-age reporting as an informative measurement while identifying validation steps that can make consumer testing stronger.
Study details and important context
Study type
Critical narrative review
Participants or material
Published epigenetic-clock and direct-to-consumer testing literature.
Dose, intervention or method
No intervention; review of measurement approaches and translational challenges.
What was measured
Analytical performance, scalability, validation and consumer-facing use of epigenetic clocks.
Reported result
The review describes strong predictive research performance alongside continuing validation and implementation challenges.
Important context
A narrative review does not validate every commercial test or establish that testing improves customer outcomes.
Directly relevant to setting appropriate expectations for at-home epigenetic testing.
Funding and conflicts
The paper’s conflict statement should be read alongside the review because authors disclosed connections with biotechnology companies.
DOI, PMID or record identifier
PMID 42090007
Critical scientific review2026 · Peer reviewed
Biological ageing clocks in health and disease
Relevant to: TruDiagnostic tests and biological-age reporting
Key finding
Biological clocks are developing into promising research tools for studying ageing, disease risk and future intervention response.
Why it matters
A biological-age result can provide a useful research-informed estimate and a structured starting point for learning about ageing measures. It is not a diagnosis or lifespan prediction.
Study details and important context
Study type
Critical scientific review
Participants or material
Published research on biological clocks across people, organs, tissues and cells.
Dose, intervention or method
No consumer intervention; critical appraisal of existing biological-clock research and potential applications.
What was measured
Progress in clock development, possible use cases and remaining questions for health and disease.
Reported result
The review describes biological clocks as promising research tools with several potential uses, while treating clinical and preventive applications as areas still being developed.
Important context
The review does not validate every commercial test, establish individual clinical utility or show that changing a clock value changes health outcomes.
Useful context for interpreting biological-age and ageing-pace estimates included in TruDiagnostic reports.
Funding and conflicts
One author disclosed cofounder and scientific-adviser roles at two biotechnology companies; the other author declared no competing interests.
DOI, PMID or record identifier
PMID 42426219 · DOI 10.1038/s41591-026-04495-3
Scientific review and framework2023 · Peer reviewed
Hallmarks of ageing: an expanding conceptual framework
Relevant to: Healthy-ageing research basics
Key finding
The updated Hallmarks of Ageing framework organises interconnected biological processes and helps explain why researchers study particular pathways.
Why it matters
The framework is a useful map for understanding how different healthy-ageing studies connect, while product effects still require product-specific evidence.
Study details and important context
Study type
Narrative scientific review and conceptual framework
Participants or material
Published mechanistic and ageing research reviewed by the authors.
Dose, intervention or method
No finished-product intervention.
What was measured
A framework for organising mechanisms associated with ageing.
Reported result
The review proposes and updates interconnected hallmarks used to structure ageing research.
Important context
A conceptual mechanism does not establish efficacy, dose, safety or clinical benefit for a marketed product.
Background context only; not evidence for any specific NOVOS product or TruDiagnostic report.
DOI, PMID or record identifier
DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2022.11.001
Editorial method
How we select and explain research+
We lead with the result reported by the source, then record the study design, participants, dose or method, duration, endpoints and the context needed to interpret it.
Research on an ingredient is not presented as proof that a complete multi-ingredient product has the same effect. Biomarker research explains how a measure was developed; it is not a medical diagnosis.
Summaries are original Younger for Longer editorial text, not copied abstracts. Source status, funding and conflicts are included when reported. This library is educational and is not medical advice.
Library last reviewed: 16 August 2026.
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